Wednesday, 25 August 2010

Forgiving is Vital For Our Own Happiness


Have you ever thought why is it so difficult to forgive?
  • What is the real nature of forgiveness? 
  • Can animals forgive? 
  • Is forgiveness difficult because people think it is weakness to forgive? 
  • Is forgiveness only good for society or does it bring healing and mental wellbeing to us when we forgive? 
  • Does behavioural science research support this?


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We cannot live without making mistakes. Some people would like to believe that they are infallible like his Holiness the Pope speaking ex cathedra. 


Neither can we go through life without ever having done harm to others, intentionally or unintentionally. This would mean that every one of us has at some point in life been in the receiving end of other people’s mistakes, selfish actions, misguided motives, carelessness or cruelty.

Yet, some of us seem happy in spite of having gone through horrendous suffering, deprivation and torture, while others drown in their sorrow, resentment, indignation, guilt, hurt, anger or bitterness. It follows that people, who cannot let go and forgive, suffer the most.

Health Benefits of Forgiveness



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There are clearly visible health benefits of forgiveness. Mayo Clinic lists some easily measurable health benefits
  • Less stress and hostility 
  • Lower blood pressure
  • Fewer symptoms of depression, anxiety and chronic pain
  • Lower risk of alcohol and substance abuse
Substantial research by Dr. Frederick Luskin of Stanford University and many others has measurable evidence of such benefits.

The Meaning of Forgiveness


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What does forgiveness mean? 

Typically it means ceasing to demand restorative justice. 

If I forgive, I stop demanding a tit for tat punishment for the person, who has “wronged” me (as I perceive it). If I get an apology and witness visible signs of repentance, the task of forgiveness becomes easier. In fact, then I am socially and morally obligated to forgive the other person.

Forgiveness is different from pardoning, which is a legal and social act. 


In condoning we justify the “offence”. Excusing brings understanding why the “offence” occurred due to extenuating circumstances. 

Forgetting implies that the memory of the “injury” has slipped out of awareness and has ceased to bother actively. 

Denial on the other hand, reveals an inability or reluctance to confront the “injuries”.



Forgiveness in Nature



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Is forgiveness common in nature? 

Forgiveness and reconciliation are not the copyright of humans.


They are very common among animals, especially dogs, birds, monkeys, chimpanzees and other primates. It is common to see animals forgiving humans after being treated badly. The human track record against animals is not so lofty overall.
 Many religions have the concept of animal sacrifice, where humans take animals, slaughter them ritually and sacrifice them to their deity to atone for sins, hoping for boons or protection etc. (for the humans).



Forgiveness in Religions



Forgiveness is an often-repeated theme in most religions. The Romans even had a goddess for mercy, clemency and compassion, Clementia.

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In Christianity, Jesus sets a personal example of forgiving by praying for his crucifiers "And Jesus said, 
'Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do.'" Luke 23: 34.
In Islam, the Holy Quran defines true believers or Muslims as persons who avoid gross sins and vice, and when angered they forgive (Qur’an 42:37). 


Judaism is more precise in the matter of forgiveness. Not God but humans forgive us our transgressions against them. In the Tefila Zaka prayer just before Yom Kippur, humans pray for God to influence others to forgive us and not directly wipe the slate clean “…so may You grant me grace in the eyes of others, that they too forgive me absolutely."

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In Buddhism, Avalokiteshwara is the embodiment of compassion. Buddhism goes directly to the mechanism of how forgiveness is a release of negative thoughts, seen as impediments to spiritual growth, harmony, peace and our own wellbeing.
“He abused me, he struck me, he overcame me, he robbed me”—in those who do not harbor such thoughts hatred will cease. "

-- Dhammapada 1.3–4; 

Why Forgiveness is Difficult


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Many people see forgiveness as a sign of weakness. 

The philosopher Nietzsche calls it “sublimated resentment” and warns us about those who forgive too easily.


The ancient Indian epic, the Mahabharata echoes this sentiment. 
"There is one only defect in forgiving persons; that defect is that people take a forgiving person to be weak.  
That defect, however, should not be taken into consideration, for forgiveness is a great power. Forgiveness is a virtue of the weak, and an ornament of the strong…  
What can a wicked person do unto him who carries the sabre of forgiveness in his hand? Fire falling on the grassless ground is extinguished of itself. And unforgiving individual defiles himself with many enormities.” 
(From the Mahabharata, Udyoga Parva Section XXXIII). 

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Some people see forgiveness as having a moral component, which allows the forgiver to elevate himself above the “deficient” other by the act of forgiving. They claim that in forgiveness a real letting-go does not happen but the moral superiority is the reward of the forgiver.

Some faith-based religious communities exhort people to forgive everything unconditionally. In these settings, the act of forgiveness is a scripted event, which leaves no alternative than to publicly forgive. This is very trying for people who are abused by religious leaders, who ask for unconditional forgiveness and then continue with the same behaviour, while having moral authority over the “injured”.

How Can We Learn to Forgive


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Modern behavioural sciences have brought us lots of research and helpful tips to learn to forgive. The links of health and wellbeing to forgiveness has been proved by research.

Robert Enright and Gayle Reed of the 
Department of Educational Psychology
, University of Wisconsin –Madison have developed a 20-step four-phase model of forgiveness. 

The four phases of forgiveness are


  1. Uncovering – Awareness of the pain resulting from deep and unjust injury.
  1. Decision – Realization that focussing on the injury and injurer prolongs misery. A change of heart happens and giving up intention of revenge is vital here.
  1. Work – New way of seeing how things transpired. Though not thinking as deserving the “injury” but understanding how the “injurer’s” actions are human failings. Can maintain goodwill to the “injurer” without reconciliation.
  1. Outcome/Deepening phase – Finding meaning in own suffering and seeing how forgiveness has brought emotional relief and healing.
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Is this the same mechanism of forgiveness that Jesus addresses in Mathew 18:21 and 18:22? 
“Then Peter came up and asked him, "Lord, how many times may my brother sin against me and I have to forgive him? 
Seven times?"Jesus said to him, "I tell you, not just seven times, but 77 times!"
Is Jesus talking about 77 separate sins of the brother or allegorically referring to how sticky and persistent the memory of the “injury” is in our minds and how the process of working with forgiveness requires much and prolonged internal work?


If 20 steps are too daunting for you, here is a 9-step forgiveness programme. 



The Lighter Side of Forgiveness - Quotes


  • “It's easier to ask forgiveness than it is to get permission.” Grace Hopper, in "Only the Limits of Our Imagination", interview by Diane Hamblen in U.S. Navy's Chips Ahoy magazine (July 1986)
  • “Always forgive your enemies – nothing annoys them so much” Oscar Wilde
Why don't you choose someone in your life, let the hurt, anger and disappointment go. Then you forgive that person today. Can you forgive?



Friday, 30 July 2010

Are There Bullies in Your School, at Work and at Home?

Does bullying stop if we make anti-bullying laws?

Or does it stop when the bully realizes the importance of “Do to others only what you want them to do to you”?

Almost everyone has some experience of bullying – either they have been bullied, they have witnessed bullying or been a bully. Bullying is very close to sexual harassment. Few “victims” would like to talk about it. In both cases, it is mostly about power abuse.

Bullies are everywhere. Look around and you’ll find a bully in kindergartens and day-care, in school and college, in church, at work, in the neighbourhood, on the political scene. Even people working in the UK Prime Minister’s office suffered from bullying and officially complained.


Why People Bully?

Bullying is a psychological mechanism to deal with an inner problem by acting it out. A bully typically needs to dominate and feel on top. A bully typically tries
  • To compensate for their inadequacy and reduce their fear of being seen as weak, inadequate and often incompetent individuals
  • To avoid accepting responsibility for their behaviour and the harmful effect it has on others
  • To divert attention away from the fact that they are not doing anything to remedy the inadequacies

Definition of workplace bullying by Amicus-MSF trade union
"Persistent, offensive, abusive, intimidating or insulting behaviour, abuse of power or unfair penal sanctions which makes the recipient feel upset, threatened, humiliated or vulnerable, which undermines their self-confidence and which may cause them to suffer stress"
 MSF Union, 1994 
How to Confront a Bully

If bullying is not dealt with, the bully can destroy another person’s life.

“If you let a bully come in your front yard, he'll be on your porch the next day and the day after that he'll rape your wife in your own bed.” US President Lyndon B. Johnson

There are basically four strategies for dealing with bullies.
  1. Suffer in silence – This is exactly what most bullies want the victim to do. The sight of the tortured and bullied intimidated, grovelling in fear typically makes bullies feel stronger and more powerful. Most of the bullied persons just hope that avoiding the bully and hoping that the bully will find a new victim, just solves the problem. This happens rarely and many people suffer irreparable damage to their personalities and many are driven to suicide in desperation. Bullies typically expect a docile reaction, so if the victim reciprocates with the docile and groveling response, the problem will continue.
  2. Confront the bully – Stand up to the bully and directly challenge the bully. This requires immense courage and taking huge risks. Bullies are usually smart and pick on people “weaker” than them to minimise the chances of being directly challenged. Direct challenge is very risky as things can go badly if a small kid would challenge a big bully and get beaten up badly. Twelve-year-old Debbie Shaw at a UK school died from injuries received from fighting a bully.
  3. Develop a buddy system - Bullies rarely strike groups. If your child is being bullied, make sure he or she walks around school with a friend, or is within earshot of a teacher or responsible adult. If someone bullies your kid, have them look the bully in the eye and say, "I don't like your bullying me. Stop it right now."
  4. Marshall resources to confront the bully – Take stock of the situation by noting exactly how the abuse or bullying is happening. Then find out where you can get help in confronting the bully. In case of school bullying, if talking to the parents or the teacher doesn’t help, talk to the student counsellor, school nurse or any adult who understands and is ready to intervene. At the workplace, if talking to the supervisor doesn’t help, go to the HR people or the union rep or be prepared to take legal action. The case is made stronger if a link can be found between bullying and discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, age or physical disability etc.
The key to dealing successfully with bullying is awareness – the bully should be made aware of the actions, effects of bullying and the limits.

More details about how to deal with bullies and bullying at work in this article and in this blog dedicated to bullying and how to fight it.

Many Devious Ways of Bullying


Bullies are very resourceful and can adopt multiple tactics and improvise.

Verbal bullying - Name-calling, harping on mistakes, incessant mocking, shouting at and laughing at the other person’s expense.

Physical bullying - may accompany verbal bullying with kicking, hitting, biting, pinching, hair pulling, or threats of physical harm for kids.

Emotional bullying - more subtle psychological tactics. Spreading baseless rumours, not telling information the other person needs to know or isolating or excluding a person from activities (i.e., shunning the victim in the lunchroom or on group activities). This kind of bullying is especially common among girls.

Cyber bullying — Bullies use modern technology and social media to harass victims publicly through email, instant messaging, Internet chat rooms, and electronic gadgets like camera cell phones, cyber bullies forward and spread hurtful images and/or messages. About one in ten or 12% of parents claim that their child experienced cyberbullying, and 24% know of someone in their community who has been bullied, according to a poll by IPSOS, an independent global market research company.



Sexual bullying - involves unwanted physical contact or sexually abusive or inappropriate comments or spreading untrue rumours. In an UK study by Young Voice, 28 out of 273 young people (aged 11-19) said that they had been forced to do something sexual they did not want to.


Hazing is another form of sexual bullying. This has been made popular by porn sites and torture scenes at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq.


Racist bullying – alluding to the other person’s race or ethnicity constantly, making derogatory remarks or showing “facts” to support biased attitude against the victim.

Deadly Consequences of Bullying

Bullying can kill. Bullycide is the term that describes suicide by a person who is a victim of bullying.

This site documents lots of cases, where bullying has led to deaths.
  • A high school coach in Georgia knocked a student's eyeball out of its socket to punish the student for fighting with another student. 
  • In Texas, a 230 lbs teacher tried to restrain a student by placing a14-year-old autistic special education student face down on the floor, by sitting on his shoulders and suffocated him to death because the student did not stay seated in class. 
  •  In a Florida public school, a teacher’s aide, on probation for burglary and cocaine possession, gagged and duct-taped children for misbehaving. 
  • Thirteen-year-old Jared High, who was brutally assaulted by a known schoolyard bully reported the bullying. Both he and the bully got suspended. Jared became depressed, and committed suicide. 
  • 12-year-old Natalie Ruddick, in UK, pretended to be ill and stayed home so she wouldn't have to face school bullies. A burglar who broke into their house that day murdered her. 
  • A boy in Ireland was running away from a bully and was hit by a passing lorry, which killed him.

Do Anti-Laws Prevent Bullying?

Photo source: Wikipedia

Currently about 120 countries have some kind of law against bullying, mostly against school bullying. Governments expect this to radically stop bullying at schools and at the workplace, but this is not happening. This article takes a very critical approach to anti-bullying laws. 

Hazing, a form of bullying or initiation rite has a very strong sexual component. Here is a site from Singapore giving explicit details about a hazing or ragging “ceremony”, where the participant voluntarily gets naked and subjects himself to physical/sexual “activities” to prove that he is a real man. Note the smile on the “victim’s” face!

Does hazing support the idea “Do to others what you want them to do to you”? Secretly perhaps?