Showing posts with label judaism. Show all posts
Showing posts with label judaism. Show all posts

Thursday, 3 December 2009

What People Want Their God to See in Them?


People from different religions have their own concepts of divinity and the ‘afterlife’. The stricter their faith, the stronger their belief in a special and exclusive arrangement with this divinity. 

Many strongly religious people believe that upon dying there is some kind of ‘judgement’ ritual with their version of God presiding. Many also expect a cataclysmic event, where the chosen few are selected and others damned to nasty places like hell, Gehenna, the Outer Darkness, etc.

The believers, however, must do certain things to pacify divinity into selecting them and not the others. This business of excluding others is very important because many believe that heaven has a limited space for e.g., 144 000 as in some Christian denominations.

Christians:

Christians of different denominations often talk about an invisible sign marking that you are one of the chosen 144 000. For many, the sign of the cross is the identifying factor.


Many are convinced that it is a “Are you wearing a cross? Come in and walk to the left!” scenario on Judgement day!

Some Catholics practice bodily flagellation, so that their bodies are full of gaping wounds and blood. And God will surely not refuse them entry into heaven out of pity!


Photo source:


Hinduism:

Hindu ascetics like to show that they are not a part of everyday society though many of them might feed off society. They can use sandalwood paste and ochre marks,
matted hair, orange clothes etc.


Often they go colour and effect full blast.

If there’s a lot to choose from, you never know which one will work.


Hinduism does not have any Hollywood style ‘judgement day’. Krishna’s advice to Arjuna (chapter 8 of the Bhagavad Gita) is very behaviorist and cognitive science savvy!

Remembering whatever object one leaves the body 
At the end of life, one attains that object, O Arjuna, 
because of the constant thought of that object.

The path of light and the path of darkness 
Are thought to be the world's two eternal paths. 
The former leads to nirvana and the latter leads to rebirth.


Buddhism:

Buddhists probably would want good character and non-violence to be their hallmark. Bodhidharma, the 5th century Indian monk said to have transmitted Zen Buddhism to China, warns about tricksters.
"Many people have the Great Vehicle Root Nature, but there are also many people who lie. Having cultivated without success, such people claim to have the way. Though they have not certified the fruit, they claim to be certified sages."
Buddhists believe that Buddhas have the 32 major marks, and the 80 minor marks of a superior being. Buddhists, especially Western converts, sometimes have visible ‘Buddhist’ signs on their body.


Judaism:

Many Jewish authorities stress that living a good life based on the Torah guarantees good afterlife.



The Yarmulke or Kippah caps are visible signs for some. A circumcised willie is a must for Jewish males. 

Amidst the general bustle of the ‘End of the World’, do Jewish and Muslim men expect that God or angels have the time or desire to take a peek between their legs to check if they are circumcised? 

And how would they distinguish between Jewish, Muslim and other circumcised willies?

Islam:

Preaching Islam or letting non-believers understand Islam or Dawah is the act most loved by Allah. This implies that behaviour and not clothes is the decisive factor.


But clothes seem to play a role too.



Shinto:

Shinto men would like to be seen wearing clean, starched, well-ironed clothes and lots of them too.



Ku Klux Klan




KKK members would probably hope that God or heavenly agents have the kind of vision modern airport screening machines have, to see through all the layers of clothes, past the flames and find the hidden good qualities in them.


Gay

Gay men would probably like to be seen as sexy, slim and always desirable. Body image is very important.

One could rightly argue that Gay is not a religion, but a sexual orientation and thus shouldn't be in this list. However, since the emphasis in the gay issue is on sexuality, and as there is a common ground with the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) who are typically very vociferous in condemning sexuality, so maybe the expectations that God is extremely interested in matters sexual (in a judgement senses!) are somewhat in the same area. 

However, it does make me wonder, often, why among all the other sins (lots and lots of them mentioned in the Abrahamic religions) does God choose to focus so much on one particular sin.


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Native American

Perhaps this is one religious tradition we people of the 21st century should really look to for a genuinely elevated stance on the issue of sexuality and how to define it and especially how 'tolerant' people should be. Most importantly, the reason why people should be tolerant needs to be understood from a wider perspective than just moralising and following laws.

Photo source:

Most Native American religions considered interest, androgynous people, feminine males, masculine females to be two-spirit people. Instead of being obsessed about the physical expression of people's sexuality, they focussed on their spiritual gifts.

As a person's character is a reflection of that person's spirit and as everything comes from the domain of the spiritual, these two-spirited people are doubly blessed and thus valued by others. The French term for two-spirit is berdache, which originated from the Persian bardaj (an intimate male friend) just doesn't get the point here.

Here is a very interesting article on this Native American theme on the excellent First People website.



Monday, 28 September 2009

Who is a Real Arab!

I don’t understand your Arab culture.” 
is the phrase I overheard at a cafe as two men wearing Western clothes were discussing very animatedly in good cheer and laughing together occasionally. Then, so typically among good friends, they had the traditional argument about ’Let me pay the bill, I insist’. This set me thinking – who is an Arab?



The stereotypical perception of an Arab in many countries is that an Arab is a Muslim, lives in the Middle East and is probably loaded with oil money. Unfortunately, another totally mistaken stereotype has started to become prevalent – the Arab terrorist. All these stereotypes are totally wrong.

What is the Definition of an Arab?

In Arab schoolbooks, the Arab world ranges from the Persian Gulf to the Atlantic Ocean and from Syria to Sudan in Africa. 

  • It was only in the 19th and 20th century that Arab nationalism created this concept of an Arab world. 

Before that, people usually identified themselves with tribes or with political structures like the Ottoman Empire. Pre-Islamic Arabic as a language dates back to the 4th century.

There are three methods of classifying as an Arab.
  1. Linguistic – If your first language is Arabic as for about 200 million people.
  2. Geneological – If you can trace your ancestry to the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula.
  3. Political - The League of Arab States or Jāmiʻat ad-Duwal al-ʻArabiyya has 339 million people living in 22 states. They define an Arab as “A person whose language is Arabic, who lives in an Arabic speaking country, who is the citizen of an Arab country, whose father is an Arab, and who is in sympathy with the aspirations of the Arabic speaking peoples.”


How the Arabs See Themselves

Only 32% of the 4100 people surveyed in six Arab countries by Professor Shibley Telhami’s group at the University of Maryland saw themselves as Muslims or Arabs. 35% considered themselves primarily as citizens of their own country. Only 1% had the idea of being a world citizen.



Source:

Compare the situation to 2010.

Not all Muslims are Arabs. Arabs are only 24% of the 1,4 billion Muslims in the world. 85% of the population in Morocco and 55% in Algeria are Berbers (Famous Berbers: Zinedine Zidane, Saint Augustine, Emperor Septimius Severus) who are non-Arabs.

Most of the people living in Egypt do not consider themselves Arabs.

  • In Sudan, there are more than fifty ethnic groups and only half the population can speak Arabic.


Is Arab 'Identity' a matter of Language, Religion or Ethnicity?


Photo source:


This is a very complicated question and there are many opinions when one considers that there are so many different nation states, religious sub-divisions and ethnic variety among the 'Arabs'.

Does language and history define national identity for the Arabs more than religion?
  • There are many serious scholars, like Abu Khaldun Sati al Husari (1881-1967) the Syrian/Ottoman theoretician of Arab nationalism and author of A Day in Maysalun, who believes that language and not religion, economy and geography are important for the formation of nationalism. Language is "the heart and spirit of the nation," and history is its "memory and feeling." 
  • The British-Lebanese historian Albert Hourani in his book, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, agrees by claiming that Arabs are "more conscious of their language than any people in the world." 

The contrary view, that religion does play a major role, also has qualified support.
  • Abd al-Aziz Duri, the eminent Iraqi social historian says "Islam unified Arabs and provided them with a message, an ideological framework, and a state." He goes on to clarify the link between Islam and Arabism as being "were closely linked at first, but subsequently followed separate courses."

Are Arabs Antagonistic to Western Civilization?

Many people assume that Arab civilisation is eternally antagonistic to Western civilisation. The ridiculous stereotype of the Arab terrorist in the West and the equally mistaken notion of America as the ‘Great Satan’ among the Arabs do betray a history of armed conflict. From the Battle of Tours in 732 CE through the Crusades onwards there has been no love lost between the civilisations. 

Ironically, Islam has very much in common with the Judaic and Christian traditions in the form of common religious figures, customs and traditions. They are all children of Adam, Moses and Abraham. 
  • Arabs were very instrumental in transmitting scientific knowledge from the Orient to the Occident in centuries past.
  • It was the Arabs who brought the numerals and the zero. 
  • Many words in the English and Spanish languages are from the Arabic. Most people drinking alcohol wouldn’t care to know that it is an Arabic word. 
On the other hand, a significant portion of the educated people in the Arab world dress in Western costumes, are proud to speak fluent English and educate their children in Western universities.


How People Living in Arab Countries Use the Internet

The use of the Internet has started changing Arab societies politically, socially and economically as it has done in many other countries. 

It is perhaps to hasty to draw conclusions if frequency of Internet use has any positive correlation to political freedom and dissent threshold in these countries. But frequency of Internet use most certainly has a large impact on all aspects of life for people living in these countries, unless they are immune to commercial and other forms of propaganda. 



Things have changed a lot in Arab countries. In the days of Saddam Hussein, people who could afford getting Internet connection (frightfully expensive in those days) also needed to sign the following declaration.

  • The subscription applicant must report any hostile website seen on the internet, even if it was seen by chance. The applicants must not copy or print any literature or photos that go against state policy or relate to the regime. Special inspectors teams must be allowed to search the applicant’s place of residence to examine any files saved on the applicant’s personal computer.

Currently Saudi Arabia follows a very strict approach. Every single cybercafe must install hidden cameras and record the names and contact information of each customer. Actually, this is not that uncommon around the world, even in a country like Italy.

OpenNetInitiative (ONI) reports that Saudi Arabia's 'filtering' centres on the following:
  • pornography 86%
  • gambling 93%
  • religious conversion 41%
  • sites which provide tools and methods to circumvent filters 41%
What Saudi Arabia seems to care less about are
  • Israel 2%
  • religion 1%
  • alcohol 1%
  • politics 3%
  • gay and lesbian issues 11%
Wonder why the Saudi high concern with pornography is not visible in the gay and lesbian arena (86% -vs- 11%)? 
  • Is it because they think that such matters are harmless and let them do it or
  • They do it in any case so why bother or
  • The incidence of gay sexual behaviour (but not identity) is so common that there is no point in making a noise
  • What could men do with men and women do with women? - Is there a trace of Queen Victoria's supposed attitude that "Women do not do such things!" (actually it is a myth, she never said it)


Suggestions for further reading:

Sunday, 9 August 2009

How Does Your Religion Determine Your Hell?

Do you believe in a Hell and Heaven? 

You’d be surprised at the differences in the concepts of Hell in different religions across the world. The similarities are also fascinating.


Whether Hell exists physically or not is yet another taboo subject like the size, of one’s paycheck. Recently the 79-year-old Pope Benedict said that the Christian Hell was indeed a physical place. 


"… Hell, about which little gets said today, exists and is eternal for those who shut their hearts to His love."

Most Americans Believe They Are Going to Heaven and not Hell!


A national poll by the Barna Research Group in USA reveals:


  • 75% of Americans believe that they will go to heaven after dying
  • 1% admitted that Hell would be their next destination after dying
  • 39% believe that Hell is being eternally separated from God’s presence
  • 32% believe that it is an actual place of eternal torment and suffering
  • 13% described Hell as “unknown bad outcome after death.”

Photo source Shocking and gruesome photo of American soldier killed by car bomb in Afghanistan


Concept of Hell in Different Religions


Presented in alphabetical order, as all religions are equally valid and valuable paths for its followers and we should respect this.

African Religions – No Hell in most African religions. Afterlife is a ”land” very similar to this world.

Aztecs - Mictlán, the ninth and lowest level of the underworld, was a physical place in the north. Everyone who died, except warriors dying in battle, women in childbirth and those struck by lightning had to take the four-year journey to Mictlán.



Photo source:

Bahá'í Faith – Hell is only symbolic. When we are spiritually farthest from God, we are in Hell.


Photo source: Wikimedia Commons


BuddhismNaraka, like Hinduism is the lowest of the realms of the afterlife. It is not for all eternity. Bodhisattvas like the female Ksitigarbha visit Naraka to teach and free residents of Naraka, who eventually can become Buddhas.


Chinese Hells – Move over Abu Ghraib! Someone from a government bureaucracy with a background in social security and law must have designed the Chinese Hell. There are 18 types or subtypes for each type of punishment. 

There are various sections:

  • Chambers of Maggots
  • Chambers of Eye-Gouging, 
  • Chambers of Disembowelment, 
  • Chambers of Tongue Ripping
designed for 

  • “peeping toms”
  • “people who force good women into prostitution” 
  • “crooks who use loopholes in the law to cheat and engage in malpractice”. 


Christianity – A physical place where evildoers suffer torment and wait for the Last Judgement. Some Christians believe that Hell is only symbolic, meaning separation from God; while for others it is eternal damnation. 

Most graphic descriptions are of the Christian Hell are by Dante Alighieri and Hieronymus Bosch.


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Hinduism - No concept of linking Hell with Final Judgement as in Christianity, Islam and Judaism. Naraka is rather a place for purification rather than punishment or retribution. 


Swami Vivekananda explains: 
"There are heavens, there are hells, there are earths, but they are not permanent. If I am sent to hell, it is not permanent. The same struggle goes on and on whatever I am. How to go beyond all this struggle is the problem. The Indian idea is not to go to Heaven. Get out of this earth, get out of hell, and get out of heaven! What is the goal? It is freedom! You must be free" (Swami Vivekananda Complete Works 6:57)
IslamJahannam in Islam is the Hell for the vilest tortures and damnations ever conceived and torture is ”earned” according to how much evil you did while alive. 

Zamhareer is a special ice-cold section reserved for the hypocrites and for Shirk, which is the sin of polytheism or worshipping other form of divinity than Allah.


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JudaismSheol is the underworld, more like a waiting and questioning room for everyone who dies. Gehenna, a dark, silent and dusty place, is where the evil people get the full treatment of torment and damnation. Judaism also has traditions of considering Hell to be a state of suffering rather than a place.


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MayaXibalbá was the nine-levelled underworld ruled by demons. The shamans would banish diseases to Metnal, the lowest level. The road out was steep, thorny and extremely hard.



Photo source:

Mormons – Hell is physical but evildoers can get out when the sentence is served. Outer Darkness is a holding tank for wicked souls. Only those who repeatedly fail to be resurrected return there for eternity.



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Native American – Great imagination at work here.


  • The Assinniboin and Athapascan tribes believed that Hell was a land of perpetual ice and snow in the north, where there was nothing desirable. 
  • The Sapona tribe believed that Hell was full of ugly women, who attacked men constantly with their unbridled passions shouting only in shrill tones. 
  • For the Natchez, Hell was covered with water. The soul was left naked in Hell to mosquitoes and the only food was spoiled fish.
Scientology – No Hells. So don't expect Hollywood celebrities as judges or guides.

Sikhism – No hell or heaven. Upon death, we merge back into the universal nature, as a drop of rain into the ocean. Hell on earth is seen as the suffering of pain caused by ego.

ShintoYomi is a physical place, with its entrance in the Izumo province, where everyone goes after death. Izanami, the goddess of creation and death rules in Yomi, which is more like a purification place than punishment.



Photo source:

Zoroastrianism – Vague mention of Hell as a place. Hell residents freed by three saviours at thousand year intervals.

7th Day Adventists – Wicked people sleep in the grave till the Last Judgement at the end of the world, when Jesus will cast them to Hellfire.



Read more about Dante’s description of the Christian Hell.

Take the online test to discover your level in the Christian Hell - HERE