Holi in India - Unique Festival of Colours across Social Divisions

Millions of Indians celebrate Holi all over India and wherever Indians are. 

Brightly coloured powders are the mainstay of Holi, during which men, women, and children carry powders and liquid colours to throw and smear on the clothes and faces of neighbours and relatives.

Photo source: Matthieu-Aubry

Special Character of Holi Among Festivals

Holi is a unique festival among all the cultures of mankind as it involves physical touching among all people across all kinds of social divides. 

Contrary to ancient Roman festivals like Saturnalia, which involved a reversal of social roles in which slaves and masters ostensibly switched places during the rituals, Holi does not have any sexual connotations.

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Indian culture, beliefs, and way of life typically express the myriad facets of a timeless motif in bright colours. All the colours of the rainbow are visible during Holi. The mesmerizing hues of reds, magentas, yellows, greens, violets, blues, ochre, gold, silver etc is yet another orgiastic paean of the victory of light over darkness, good over evil, hope over despair and most significantly the victory of togetherness over divisions. 

You can read more details about Holi at Flowergirl’s wonderful site.

Spring Festivals Similar to Hindu Holi

There is only one contemporary cultural festival somewhat similar to Holi, where all participants can physically touch each other. 

It is La Tomatina, a food fight festival held on the last Wednesday of August each year in the town of Buñol in the Valencia region of Spain. Thousands of participants from all over the world come to fight in a battle throwing over one hundred metric tons of over-ripe tomatoes at each other. 

La Tomatina is not an ancient ritual but was started in 1952 to honour the town’s patron saints St. Louis Bertrand (San Luis Bertràn) and Mare de Déu dels Desemparats (Mother of God of the Defenseless). One of the most popular theories of its origin is that dissatisfied citizens attacked city councillors with tomatoes during a town celebration. 

Photo source: Wikimedia Commons

Spring Festivals in Other Cultures Around the World

There are many spring festivals in diverse cultures all over the world. Though the Christian Easter and Jewish Passover are technically celebrated in remembrance of historical events, in essence they are spring festivals as they coincide with the onset of spring.

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• The Brazilian carnival has been around since the 1640s when Parisian style balls copying Mardi Gras started. Mardi Gras is believed to have roots in the pagan spring festival which Romans called Saturnalia. Over time, adapted to Christianity, this became a farewell to pleasures of the flesh to practice repentance and prepare for Jesus Christ's death and resurrection. 

• Rio Carnaval has become world-famous through the Samba Parade, a show, extravagant display and fierce competition of the Rio samba schools. 

• In England Mardi-Gras is known as Shrove Tuesday and it is celebrated by the traditional making of pancakes. In many towns and villages people take part in pancake races, where they race carrying a frying pan tossing their pre-cooked pancake in the air. 

Chinese New Year is the beginning of spring. According to legends, a mythical beast called the Nian or "Year" in Chinese, came on the first day of New Year to devour livestock, crops, and even villagers, especially children. Once the people learnt that the Nian was scared away by a little child wearing red. Since then people hang red lanterns and red spring scrolls on windows and doors and used firecrackers to frighten away the Nian.

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Kanamara Matsuri or the Festival of the Steel Phallus is an annual Shinto fertililty festival in Kawasaki, Japan. 

Originally prostitutes prayed for protection against sexually transmitted diseases at this shrine by venerating a gigantic penis. Nowadays the festival raises money for HIV research. The origin of this festival is in a legend of a sharp-toothed demon that hid inside the vagina of a young girl and castrated two young men on their wedding nights with the young girl before a blacksmith fashioned an iron phallus to break the demon's teeth, leading to the enshrinement of the item.

Photo source: Wikimedia commons

Las Fallas, which means "the fires" in Valencian is one of the crazy festivals in Spain. Ninots (“puppets” or “dolls”), which are huge cardboard, wood, paper-machè and plaster statues are created and then destroyed. The extremely lifelike ninots usually depict bawdy, satirical scenes poking fun at corrupt politicians and Spanish celebrities.

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Losar is celebrated by Tibetans in spring for greetings, togetherness and abundant festivities, and prayers as well.

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Nowrūz is the Iranian new year and beginning of spring. People jump over bonfires while singing the traditional song Zardî-ye man az (ane) to, sorkhî-ye to az (ane) man meaning "My yellowness is yours, your redness is mine," with the symbolic message "My paleness (pain, sickness) for you (the fire), your strength (health) for me." 

According to tradition, the living are visited by the spirit of their ancestors on the last days of the year, and many children wrap themselves in shrouds, symbolically re-enacting the spirit visits. The children also run through the streets banging on pots and pans with spoons and knocking on doors to ask for treats. The ritual called qashogh-zany (spoon beating) symbolizes the beating out of the last unlucky Wednesday of the year.

Navroze, which means the New Day, is the most celebrated festival of the Parsis in India every year on March 21, the vernal equinox of the sun. Though only one sect of Parsis, the Faslis consider it the Parsi New Year, all Parsis join in the festivities to celebrate, greet each other and attend the thanks-giving ceremonies at Fire Temples.

Photo source: Wikimedia Commons

Rangoli Bihu is the festival of the people of the Assam region in India to celebrate spring and fertility. 

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Setsubun (節分) or Risshun (立春) the Spring Festival (春祭 haru matsuri) in Japan. Japanese have a special ritual called mamemaki (豆撒き, meaning bean scattering) to cleanse away all the evil of the past year and keep disease-bringing evil spirits for the year ahead away.

Japan Recognises AINUs – First Colonizers of America

Mainstream cultures assimilate minorities. It’s a bit like big fish eating small ones. 

History is full of countless examples. Some of these happen right before our eyes. Tibet has received much attention recently but very few people know about the AINU of Japan.

Are Ainus the First Americans?

Ainus - The first Americans? 

The theory that the Ainus were the first to settle North America is based largely on skeletal and cultural evidence among tribes living in the western part of North America and certain parts of Latin America. 

The controversial conclusions of Anthropologist Joseph Powell of the University of New Mexico after examining the 9300 year-old remains of Kennewick Man also support this. More about Ainus being the first Americans here.

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Who are the AINU People of Japan?

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Who really are the AINU? 

Only about 15 people today speak native Ainu, a language not related to any other. The 150 000 AINU still alive can be found in Hokkaido island of Japan, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin belonging to Russia now. Many of them may not even know that they are Ainus, as parents and grandparents had to become Japanese and hid their origins to protect children from racial discrimination. 

Many Ainus dislike the term Ainu because of a common derogatory pronunciation of the word in Japanese (A! Inu!, which means "Ah! A dog!" in Japanese) and prefer to identify themselves as Utari (comrade in the Ainu language).

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Origin of the Ainu People of Japan

"The Ainu lived in this place a hundred thousand years before the Children of the Sun came" 

is told in one of the Ainu legends (Yukar Upopo). In the Jōmon period (14 000 BC – 400 BC) the Japanese people came probably from Korea and drove the native Ainus to the northern periphery islands of Japan. The word ainu means human as opposed to kamuy, a spirit.

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One Ainu myth says that the Ainu, who have a great deal of body hair, are descended from a bear god. A bear sacrifice ritual is still practised by the Ainu in which the sacrificed bear is sent “home” to the ancestors. The bear is probably the oldest form of deity known to primitive man in the northern regions and common in Britain, Celtic Gaul, and North America. 

The Greek goddess Artemis transforms Callisto, one of her maidens who has angered her, into a bear and assigns her to the heavens as the constellation Ursa Major or Great Bear to watch over humans rom the sky.

The Beliefs of the Ainu People of Japan

The Ainu believe that everything in nature has a kamuy (spirit or god) inside. Most important is grandmother earth (represented by fire), then comes the kamuy of the mountain (animals), then kamuy of the sea followed by kamuy of everything else. 

The Ainu have no priests but give thanks to the gods before eating and pray to the deity of fire when they are in trouble. Believing their spirits to be immortal, the Ainu hope to ascend to kamuy mosir (the Land of the Gods). Curiously the Ainu also have a deluge myth in which a very few people escape to a mountaintop.

Kutune Shirka, is the great epic of the Ainu people. It is a 10 000 word long first person narrative that ends abruptly. Yukar is the collection of Ainu native songs.

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Close Genetic Relatives of the Ainu People

Genetic testing of the Ainu people has shown them to be close to the people of Tibet and the Andaman Islands. The Yamato Japanese and the Ainu probably had contacts from earlier than 2000 years ago. Around 700 AD, the Japanese began “subduing” the Ainu and were somewhat unsuccessful for a long time. 

We can also think that this warfare between the two groups created the foundation of the Samurai class in Japan. 

• The Ainu lost wars with the Japanese in 1457, 1669, and 1789. 
• The language was outlawed
• Ainus became labourers in the Japanese fishing industry. 
• In the Meiji Period (1868-1912), the Ainu received the status of "former aboriginals", which meant that they could only exist as Japanese.

Shigeru Kayano (1926-2006) was the first Ainu politician to sit in the Kokkai or Japanese Diet (parliament) and one of the last speakers of Ainu language. He also wrote 100 books about Ainu culture.

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Japan Recognizes Ainus as Indigenous People

On 6^th June 2008 the Japanese Diet or parliament adopted a non-binding resolution calling the Japanese government to recognize the Ainu as indigenous to Japan and end all discrimination. 

Things are changing for the Utari.

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There's a lot of archeological discoveries about the Ainu people and their culture going on  in Japan. Here is an excellent article about these new discoveries.